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, by William A. Dembski
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Product details
File Size: 3001 KB
Print Length: 330 pages
Publisher: IVP Books (September 20, 2009)
Publication Date: September 20, 2009
Sold by: Amazon Digital Services LLC
Language: English
ASIN: B001C6MEBY
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In The Design Revolution: Answering the Toughest Questions About Intelligent Design (2004), William “Bill†Dembski presents a handbook-style compendium of questions and answers that explains and supports the theory of intelligent design (ID). With two Ph.D.’s in mathematics (University of Chicago) and philosophy (University of Illinois at Chicago), and an impressive array of contributions and research on the topic (billdembski.com), Dembski is regarded as a pioneer of the ID movement and is eminently qualified for the task of “answering the toughest questions about intelligent design.†His related publications include Intelligent Design: The Bridge Between Science & Theology (2002); The Design Inference: Eliminating Chance through Small Probabilities (2006); and Intelligent Design Uncensored: An Easy-to-Understand Guide to the Controversy (2010).Dembski approaches this project with the conviction that it will revolutionize science and our conception of the world, mainly by challenging the “grand idol of evolutionary biology (Darwinism),†but also by altering the prevailing naturalistic assumptions which dominate modern science and thus exclude design inferences by fiat. He frames the sequence of this revolution in the context of J.B.S. Haldane’s four stages of acceptance: “(i) this is worthless nonsense; (ii) this is an interesting, but perverse, point of view; (iii) this is true, but quite unimportant; (iv) I always said so.†Dembski’s purpose for writing The Design Revolution was to assist in transitioning ID from stage two to stage three by equipping ID supporters with a comprehensive resource to answer critics. He also deems the unabridged nature of this material suitable for honest skeptics who are interested in examining the merits of ID’s claims.As mentioned, this book functions more like a reference manual than something one might attempt to read from cover to cover in a single sitting, though it has been written carefully enough to accommodate that. Dembski begins each of the book’s 44 succinct chapters with an objection to ID in the form of a question: “Is intelligent design testableâ€; “Isn’t intelligent design just an argument from ignorance?†are two such examples. In keeping with the handbook format, the chapters are sub-titled by such critically-raised questions and therefore provide a convenient means of reference via the table of contents. The chapters are then framed within six broader sections which provide an overall logical flow: (1) Basic Distinctions [what ID is and is not]; (2) Detecting Design [what is a design inference and how does it function]; (3) Information [what is it?]; (4) Issues Arising from Naturalism; (5) Theoretical Challenges to Intelligent Design; and (6) A New Kind of Science.Perhaps the greatest strength of The Design Revolution is its no-nonsense approach to engaging the most salient objections to ID. A liability of this format is inevitable overlap, but Dembski is conscious of this and does an excellent job of minimizing unnecessary redundancies. The question-and-answer presentation is very pragmatic as it prepares readers to think in a point-counterpoint manner, which is often the way these conversations unfold. The bite-sized chapters also necessitate the absence of superfluous ramblings and are ideal for readers who merely want clarification on particular aspects of the theory; though, they are equally suitable for those desiring a fully-orbed view of ID’s tenets. More importantly, the content is presented with clarity and accessibility, but without dumbing-down concepts or terms. For example, specified complexity is a fundamental component within ID theory and one that can only be distilled so far before it loses its essential qualities. The “complexity†of the topic notwithstanding, one needn’t be a math whiz to digest Dembski’s presentation, though it may take two or three passes for unfamiliar readers to grasp a solid understanding. Additionally, related publications are mentioned in context for those who may want to explore various aspects of ID in greater depth—The Design Revolution is, after all, a popular treatment.Anyone familiar with intelligent design is likely acquainted with the associated criticism, much of which has been targeted toward ID’s chief advocates. In this regard, it is to Dembski’s credit that he refrains from using his book as a platform from which to dispense retribution on his critics. Rather, he engages their objections with substance and in a philosophically responsible manner (i.e., no straw-man arguments, ad hominems, etc.). Nevertheless, he is clearly not interested in diplomacy at the expense of conviction and does not hesitate to highlight deficiencies in the claims of his critics by name. For example, in a polemical fashion that has become typical of ID-Darwinism discourse, he asserts that Larry Moran and Kenneth Miller are “disingenuous … in claiming that evolutionary biology has resolved the problem of biological complexity,†yet he is careful not to make such appraisals in the absence of sufficient justification.Of course, Dembski’s main objective is not to show how individual critics are wrong, but to advance ID by equipping its supporters with a resource that sufficiently addresses the spectrum of criticism leveled against the theory. Insofar as he seems to have covered the range of substantive questions and provided thorough and accessible answers, his book has accomplished its intent. Furthermore, he has achieved this by presenting a host of complex and abstract issues in an interesting and engaging way. Perhaps the only feature that might make this project better would be the addition of more anecdotes and analogies to help the material stick in the minds of its readers.In any event, The Design Revolution is written with a broad audience in view and is therefore suitable for anyone interested in exploring various aspects of intelligent design against the backdrop of its toughest objections. It is highly recommended for students entering the university, where they will face inevitable indoctrination into Darwinian dogmatism. It will also serve as a useful manual for anyone desiring a convenient reference to address various issues related to design theory. There are many excellent books published on intelligent design, but this is one readers will surely return to time and again.
It is puzzling to me that today in the information age, confusion abounds about the nature of intelligent design. It is not a conceptually difficult idea that is claimed, and yet misrepresentations abound. Dembski's book, therefore, is invaluable at setting the record straight. It consists of 44 short chapters, each of which is only 6-8 pages long and deals with a specific question that he has encountered about intelligent design. Taken as a whole, the intelligent design position is sharply clarified and in so doing, the main objections often simply melt away. Now of course, intelligent design may yet prove to be false, but the key claims cannot be engaged until it is clear what they are. The main objection about intelligent design is that is an argument from ignorance, falling into god-of-the-gaps thinking by invoking divine action at every point where science at the moment doesn't have an explanation. What intelligent design actually claims is the following:1. Intelligent agents sometimes leave empirical indicators, or fingerprints, in the world; examples include Mt. Rushmore, written texts, soundwaves carrying vocal communication. On the basis of these indicators we can infer intelligent rather than natural causation. This much is uncontroversial, but it gets controversial when we get to the second claim:2. The natural world has such empirical indicators of intelligence. There is, in the natural world, in those domains that are properly the study of natural science, observable, empirical evidence of intelligence. Dembski clarifies this idea further by formalizing it into an argument consisting of three premisses and a conclusion:Premise 1: Certain biological systems exhibit a feature called specified complexity.Premise 2: Evolutionary biology does not know how biological systems with that feature originated.Premise 3: In everday experience we know that intelligent agency has the causal power to produce systems that exhibit specified complexity. Many things produced by human intelligent designers exhibit this feature - for example, the internal combustion engine.Conclusion: Therefore, biological systems that exhibit specified complexity are likely to be designed. Premise 3 is the crucial connecting premise that is left out by people who say that ID is just an argument from ignorance (we don't know how it happened, therefore God did it). Design theorists, in attributing design to systems that exhibit specified complexity, are simply doing what scientists do generally, which is to attempt to formulate a causally adequate explanation for the phenomenon in question. Specified complexity is a marker for the presence of information, and our uniform and repeated experience is that information always comes from minds, from intelligence, and not from unguided natural processes. Thus when one makes a design inference one is not arguing from ignorance, but making a positive case based on what we do know, employing standard scientific reasoning by making an inference to the best explanation. An example from the movie "Contact" shows that this kind of reasoning is already accepted within the scientific community. Jodie Foster's character was an astronomer working for the SETI program (Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence). She picked up a signal from outer space that she concluded was not noise but came from an intelligence. What was it that allowed her to come to that conclusion? It was just this: Was the signal random? No. Was it merely ordered? No. What allowed her to infer intelligence was that the signal contained the first twenty prime numbers in a row. Now, not only is that improbable (or complex), but there's a way to specify that sequence independently of the fact that it's the one she picked up; namely we already know that the prime numbers are a special set of numbers. Thus the conjunction of improbability and independent specifiability indicated the presence of specified complexity, a marker for intelligence which in turn our uniform experience tells us always comes from minds. Now why is it that a SETI researcher hasn't stopped doing science when she concludes that the scientific evidence is best explained by intelligent design, but a scientist is accused of doing just that when the focus is shifted from outer space to molecular biology, and an identical reasoning process leads to a design inference? Intelligent design is revolutionary because it looks at reality in an entirely new way. In the nineteenth century when Darwin formulated his theory it was thought that there were two fundamental entitites in nature - matter and energy. At the beginning of the twenty-first century we recognize there is a third fundamental entity - information, that is not reducible to either matter or energy. How do we know this? If you hold up two computer disks, one blank, and the other filled with software, and you ask the question, what is the difference in mass between these two as a result of the difference in information content, the answer of course is zero. That is because information is a massless entity; it is immaterial. You can no more explain the origin of information by materialistic explanations than you can the written text on a page by the laws of the chemistry of ink and paper. Evolutionary biology is faulty because it tries to make natural causes do the work of intelligent causes. But intelligent design does not throw out the whole of evolutionary biology and satisfy itself by merely pointing out instances of design. No, it adds to the explanatory toolbox of science that Darwinism untilizes; it does not take away from it. It still sees a role for natural causes, but it does not inflate that role beyond what the evidence indicates. The relationship between ID and Darwinism is something like that between Einstein's theory of relativity and the Newtonian mechanics it replaced. Einstein's theory did not make Newtonian mechanics worthless, it just greatly limited its scope of applicability. ID is not looking to reinvent the wheel, but just to have the conceptual tools to deal with the flow of information in biological systems that Darwinism lacks.
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